The roof gives any building architectural completeness, performing its main function - protection from the weather. Depending on the climatic conditions in which the house is being built, a roof device is chosen. So, in those places where precipitation systematically falls, it is best to build houses with a high roof. In places where strong winds are constant, it is better to install roofs with a gentle slope. In our article, we will talk about how to put rafters on different types of roofs.
Design features of roofs of different types
The design is: single-slope, gable, hipped, spire-shaped, flat roof.
However, regardless of the design of roofs and roofing materials, roofing roofs have the same elements: gable, ribs, ridge, dormer window, roof overhang and pediment, hip and valley.
The design feature of a roof with one slope is that its basis for the slope is load-bearing walls, and their height is different. Such a design for residential buildings is practically not used.
It has found its application for outbuildings, country houses, baths. During the construction of a country house, they often erect gable roof.
Its design feature is that the roof rests on load-bearing walls with the same height.
Thus, a space called a pediment is formed inside the slopes. A roof with such a design is easy to build on your own, without the involvement of specialists.
More complex in construction are mansard and hip roofs. The design of hipped roofs is even more complicated (they have four slopes).
Multi-gable roofs are usually used on houses with more complex layouts. Their arrangement will require the construction of a valley, which will further complicate the roofing work.
General roof structure
None of the above types of roofs can do without such an element as rafters. They are also called farms. These are wooden beams, which are the supporting elements of the roof structure.
Between the belts of the rafters (lower and upper) there are crates, their basis is bevels and struts.
The components of the roof are also:
- roof;
- roofing base;
- layer of thermal and waterproofing.
The further arrangement of all the load-bearing elements of the roof depends on how to put the rafters: mauerlat and battens. Such parts are made only of wood (bars, boards, logs).
Depending on the material, the method of connecting all the supporting elements is also selected. Fasteners such as:
- spacers;
- racks;
- struts;
- crossbars.
The main purpose of fasteners is to provide rigidity to the entire system.
It is important to know: the larger the span, the more fasteners will be required.
Roof truss - roof parts interconnected with fasteners. Its basis is one or more triangles.
On the outer edge of the walls, a Mauerlat is laid - a wooden beam. Its main purpose: support for load-bearing rafters.
Varieties of rafters
Depending on how to correctly place the rafters, the reliability of the supporting structure of the roof depends.
It is important to know: for rafters you need to use high quality wood, without cracks, knots and wormholes.
There are two types of rafters:
- Hanging rafters.
- The rafters are layered.
Tip: it is better to install layered rafters in a house where there are supporting middle walls. In the event that the span is more than 5 meters, then we put the rafters on the slopes. The rafters rest against the Mauerlat, so the load on the walls increases several times. Therefore, the walls must be quite massive.
How to properly install the rafters? In this type of rafters, each rafter leg is equipped with two supports.
One support rests on the Mauerlat, and the second is a run that goes along the ridge. A run is laid on racks that are installed on the inner wall.
Hanging rafters require more thorough preparation and practical skills. They need to be installed in houses with thin walls.
Since they rely only on the walls of the house and do not have an intermediate support.
Very often, before putting the rafters on the house, the rafter legs are connected with a special puff. It can also be used as a floor beam.
Hanging rafters with a simple design are a pair of rafters, they must be connected at the top into a ridge. To do this, you need to cut the rafters into half a tree, and below they will rest against a beam located horizontally.
A little advice: in order for the rafters not to sag, fasten them with brackets, for this, first cut the crossbar. In the event that the width of the spans is 7 meters or more, we recommend using a beam, it must be fixed in a puff and in a ridge. Fasten the beam to the rafters, struts and crossbar using a notch (it should resemble a straight tooth). This design of the truss system is suitable for spans, the pitch of which is not more than 10 meters.
When installing hanging rafters with a simple structure on a masonry structure, it is important to know how to position the rafters. Here you will need a special fastener - a metal ruff.
Such fasteners must be driven into the brickwork, into its every fourth row. Two loops depart from the ruff, with which you can attach the beams.
Consider another equally important feature: a strong beam must be placed along the entire length of the building. The ends of the rafters will rest on it, thus, the load on the walls will be distributed.
We suggest viewing a practical guide: video how to put the rafters.
Consider no less important points in the construction of the truss system.So, in the place where the chimney exits, do not forget to make a fire break.
It is important to know here that the distance between the structural elements should not exceed 130 mm.
In order to properly install the roof overhang, we recommend that you watch our video tutorial again: how to install video rafters. You will understand that special fillies will be required. They can also be made independently from a board with a section of 5x10 cm.
The length of the board should be half a meter more than the overhang, since when connecting to the rafter leg, a joint will need to be made. Nail the fillies to the board so that the rafter leg does not extend beyond the roof.
Rafter construction of mansard roofs
The attic design is more complex, but it is also possible to do it yourself. It is advisable to choose a simpler version of this type of roof with triangular clear straight slopes.
The further equipment of the attic room also depends on how to correctly set the rafters, since the floor will be the lower part of the truss truss.
We recommend building a mansard-type structure from parallel beams, which must have a sufficiently large section to withstand subsequent operational loads. Other structural parts can be made from bars with a smaller thickness or even from boards.
Rafter construction of hip roofs
A design feature of hip roofs are additional slopes. They need to be formed with hip rafters, which should form a joint with the gable roof ridge.
From the outside it should look like two separate parts.The first part is a gable roof, its length is not enough for the area of \u200b\u200bthe whole house. It turns out open areas - they need to be covered with two hips.
It is very important to know how far to put the rafters, since the main load will be on the extreme rafter beams, they must be further strengthened.
But we must not forget about the clear ratio of the dimensions of the gable and hip parts of the roof. If you slightly violate the proportions, we will ruin the look of the whole house forever.
In fact, this is a complex single design, the installation of which is best entrusted to professionals.
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