Roof elements: layered rafters, drainpipes and other structures, video and photo

A roofing system is a technically complex structure consisting of many elements.

Are you planning to build a house roof? In this case, it will be useful for you to learn about the main elements in the design of the roofing system. I will talk about the details of the rafter system, the roofing pie, the drain, and describe the elements of the house necessary for the normal operation of the roof.

Content

Roofing - just about the complex

Before you design and then build a roof, you need to find out what elements are required for this. Their number depends on the type and shape of the roof.

Illustration	Type of roofing system
	Flat roof. It features a minimum of structural elements, since the rolled material can be laid in one or more layers directly on the ceiling. The only complex element in the design of flat roofs is the gutter system, which is arranged not along the roof overhang, but directly in the thickness of the roofing pie.
	pitched roofs. Such structures are made with a slope, and therefore they consist of a large number of complex parts, from which the rafter system and the roofing pie are arranged.

Elements in the design of the truss system of pitched roofs

Illustration	Names of structural elements and their description
	Mauerlat. This is a bar with a rectangular section, less often a log, which is rigidly attached to the outer walls. Layered rafters rest against the Mauerlat and transfer the mechanical load to it from the entire roof. Mauerlat transfers this load to the load-bearing walls of the building. To prevent rotting of wood, the surface of the wall, as in the photo, is covered with rolled or coated waterproofing .
	Rafter legs - diagonally located beams, which at one end lie on the Mauerlat, and at the other end are connected to the ridge line. Together with roof girders, layered or hanging rafters form trusses. In ordinary gable roofs, trusses are made in the shape of a triangle. In gable roofs, the truss truss has characteristic kinks.
	Skate ride - a horizontal beam that runs along the entire roof.On the ridge run, the upper ends of the rafter legs touch and connect.
	Rack - a vertical support, which at one end is installed on the bed, and at the other end rests against the ridge run. The number of racks is determined in accordance with the length of the ridge run and in accordance with the area of \u200b\u200bthe slope. The degree of slope of the roof depends on the height of the rack.
	Sill - a horizontally installed beam, located parallel to the Mauerlats. The bed is laid on the interior wall or directly on the ceiling beam. Vertical racks are fixed on the surface of the bed. On conventional gable systems, one bed is used, and on broken roofs, several beds are used. Accordingly, the number of racks also increases.
	Strut - a diagonal strut that connects the intermediate part of the rafter leg to the junction of the post and the ceiling beam. The use of a strut provides the roof truss with greater rigidity. As a result, the roofing slope is not deformed under the load of atmospheric precipitation.
	Rigel. These parts of the roof connect adjacent rafter legs at 2/3 or at half their height. In the attic room, the ceiling is stuffed directly onto the crossbar. In some buildings, the crossbar, in addition to the main function, serves as a decorative element.
	Gable - the upper continuation of the wall, repeating the shape of the truss truss. Often the pediment of a stone house is made of wooden planks. Gables are used as load-bearing structures. A run is fixed in their upper part and the ends of the crate are laid on them.

Elements of a roofing cake on a pitched roof

Illustration	The names of the elements of the roofing cake and their description
	crate. This is a boardwalk that is attached to the rafter legs and fills the span between them. For the flooring of the crate, a board with a thickness of 20-25 mm is used.
	Control grille - bars with a thickness of not more than 50 mm, which are stuffed on the rafter legs. The function of the counter-lattice is to create a gap between the membrane laid over the rafters and between the crate. This gap, during the operation of the finished roof, will serve to drain condensate from under the roofing material.
	thermal insulation. Thermal insulation materials are laid in the gap between the rafter legs. The use of thermal insulation, without fail, is combined with the use of hydro and vapor barrier materials. In unused roofs, the use of thermal insulation is not necessary, since the ceiling is insulated instead.
	Hydro and vapor barrier. The waterproofing membrane is laid over the rafters so that the condensate that will fall from the roofing material does not penetrate into the insulation. The vapor barrier membrane is pushed onto the rafters from inside the attic. This is done so that the insulation does not absorb moist air from the room.
	Roof covering elements. The finishing element of the roofing cake is the coating. As a roofing, metal slate, metal or ceramic tiles are traditionally used. If sheet plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) is stuffed over the rafters, then flexible bituminous tiles are used as the roofing material.
	Cornice plank - a metal bar that is stuffed on the roof overhang. The plank, on the one hand, performs a decorative function, and on the other hand, it prevents wind from blowing into the ventilation gap.

Gutter system on pitched roofs

Illustration	Elements of the drainage system
	gutter. The main element in the design of the drain. It is produced from metal and, for a long service life, is covered with paint or a polymer film.
	Gutter Angle. There are external corners and there are internal ones, and they are used to ensure that the drain goes around the corner of the house.
	Connecting element. Connectors are used for tight and reliable joining of the gutter with corners.
	Funnel. The overhead funnel is installed on the gutter, opposite the pre-cut hole. The funnel joins the gutters and downpipes.
	Stub. This element is the final element in the drain and is installed on the free edge of the gutter
	Drain hook. This fixture is needed for fixing the gutter and corners. There are long and short hooks: Short hooks are attached directly to the eaves bar. Long hooks are installed with a straight end under the roofing material on the crate.
	Snow guards - structural elements are installed at the bottom of the slope and prevent the snow from falling. Thanks to their installation, it is possible to reduce the snow load on the drainage system.

Elements and materials in the design of flat roofs

Scheme

Type of flat roof and its device

Unexploited roof. Such a system consists of rolled or coating waterproofing and a heat-insulating layer laid on a concrete floor. A ballast layer is laid on top of the waterproofing and insulation, which makes the system more stable.

These roofing systems are unstable to mechanical stress and are therefore called non-operating. In order not to damage the coating, when entering the roof and roof, it is recommended to lay wide boardwalks and walk on them

exploited roof. The installation instructions for such a system take into account the subsequent operation of the roof. For this, the roofing cake is made resistant to mechanical stress.

The top layer of the system can be a lawn planted on top of an earth fill or a hard surface such as porcelain stoneware slabs.

Water drain device

Illustration	Description of actions
	Creating a slope (slope). Guides (beacons) are installed on the ceiling, along which the screed is laid, directed from the edges to the drain.
	Drain installation. On the lowest part of the roof, a drain funnel with a branch pipe is installed, which is connected to the sewer pipe. A protective grill is mounted on top of the entire structure.

Protective structures for flat roofs

For the safe operation of a flat roof, protective structures are used, which are installed along the perimeter of the roof or along the edge of superstructures.

Illustration

Type of barriers

Welded structures. This is the most common type of fence, during the assembly of which all parts are welded together.

Welded structures are assembled from a corner and a rod. But lately, visually attractive barriers are welded from polished steel pipes, the price of which is higher.

prefabricated structures. Such barriers are assembled from a round or shaped pipe and special fastening hardware.

These structures are not inferior in strength to welded counterparts, and, if necessary, can be dismantled or redone.

Associated roofing elements

Illustration	Description of related items
	Roof hatches. Today, these are metal insulated structures equipped with a built-in lock. Previously, such hatches were made of lumber and sheathed with tin. The hatch is installed at the exit to the roof from the landing. Modern hatches, for ease of opening, are equipped with gas supports.
	Lanterns and smoke hatches. Unlike inspection hatches, such structures are not intended for access to the roof. A transparent hatch lets light into the room, and in case of fire, smoke will be removed through the hatch.
	Roof ladders. Stairs can be front and mounted on the outside of the building, or they can be internal and go to the roof from the landing. Ladders are welded from a metal corner or pipe, or assembled using fasteners. Installation of structures is carried out on anchor bolts or by welding to embedded metal plates.

Summing up

Now you know everything about the construction of the roof and what exactly will be needed during construction and why each individual roofing detail is needed. If you have any questions, ask them in the comments. I also recommend watching the video in this article.

Did the article help you?